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Michael Bravo, BEng MPhil PhD
University Senior Lecturer and Fellow of Downing College
Convenor of the Circumpolar History and Public Policy Research Group, Scott Polar Research Institute. Member of the Department of Geography's Society, Environment, and Development research cluster, Historical & Cultural Geography research cluster. He is also a research associate in the Department of the History and Philosophy of Science.
Biography
Career:
- 1992-1995: University of Cambridge. Department of the History and Philosophy of Science. Junior Research Fellow (non-stipendiary) Wolfson College.
- 1993-1995: University of Cambridge. British Academy Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Department of the History and Philosophy of Science,.
- 1995-2000: Manchester University. University Research Fellow, Graduate School in Faculty of Economics, Social Sciences and Law
- 2000-present: University of Cambridge. University Lecturer in Geography with duties at the Scott Polar Research Institute
Qualifications:
- Ph.D., History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University 1992
- M.Phil., History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University 1987
- B. Eng., Telecommunications Engineering, Carleton University 1985
Research
Michael Bravo has an interdisciplinary background with a humanities Ph.D. (Cantab 1992) in the history and philosophy of science, building on a technical background with a B.Eng. (Carleton 1985) in satellite communications engineering. Bravo has written extensively on the role of scientific research in the exploration and development of the Arctic, exploring issues in the philosophy of experiment such as the nature of precision and calibration. In his co-edited book Narrating the Arctic (2002), he explored the implications of the Arctic's extraordinary historical diversity through the lens of the Scandinavian Arctic. He is currently leading an International Polar Year project making a comparative study of the uses of polar research stations. Under this umbrella his team has begun to assemble the first overview of the creation of polar research stations from the 1820s to the present day, linking them to other crucial developments in science such as the laboratory revolution and the invention of international scientific years (e.g. IPYs). His current concerns include the recent rise of cryo-politics, the ethics of environmental regulation, and the dangers that sea ice loss pose to the political rights and traditions of the Arctic's inhabitants.
Michael Bravo is Convenor of the Circumpolar History and Public Policy Research Group at the Scott Polar Research Institute, as well being a member of the Geography Department's Society and Environment Research Group.
Current Projects
Arctic Governance
Many significant developments in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions stem from issues of governance. Current attempts to forge self-governing political regions and environmental management regimes raise profound questions about the relationship between community and territory. Traditionally, the competing ambitions and interests of nation-states have defined the structure and boundaries of the polar regions. These histories have tended to divide and stratify the regions.
Governance is inextricably linked to the nature of communities. In my current research, I am studying models of governance around the circumpolar regions, and how their constituent communities can resolve historical conflicts with the sovereign claims of nation-states.
Maritime Geographies of Science
Whereas the importance of the world oceans for global security - particularly their circulation, oil and gas reserves, fishing stocks and indigenous culture - is now widely recognised, they are all threatened or endangered. However our knowledge of their environmental history, how they came to be the way they are, is surprisingly limited and at best fragmented. Dr. Bravo's research aims to develop the historical foundations for a new interdisciplinary understanding of the science of the oceans that can explain the nature and direction of change, and take account of the much greater and more diverse communities of historical actors or stakeholders than has been widely acknowledged.
Institutions and Public Policy in the Field Sciences
'Science' is often made to function as a vehicle of public policy. In G8 nations science and technology have a long history of involvement in economic planning. This is certainly true in the Arctic, my region of special interest, where science has played a variety of roles in colonisation, nation-building, and environmental monitoring
The use of field sciences as policy instruments remains poorly understood, for all that climate change has brought them into the public eye. I am currently working on developing new models that explain the linkages between the field sciences and public policy. To explore the practical application of models, I have also been asked to act as an advisor for the International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (ICARP) Working Group 11 on "Science and the Public Interest".
The project has a strong historical foundation in order to ascertain why field stations only came into existence relatively recently (mid- to late-C19), what they are intended to accomplish, and how they have served to mediate between scientists, the state, and the inhabitants of the field. To that end, I am principal investigator and coordinator on 'Polar Field Stations and IPY History: Culture, Heritage, Governance (1882-Present)', an international collaborative project. (International Polar Year Project ID 100.)
Michael Bravo is a member of the Society and Environment Research Group in the Society, Environment, and Development Research Cluster.
Current Ph.D. students:
- Amy Donovan: The Management of Volcanoes at Observatories with Persistently Active Volcanoes.
- Peter Evans: Transformations of indigenous resistance and identity in Northern Labrador, 1959-2005.
- Sean Maher: Tar Sands and Trap Lines: Reconceputalising Indigenous Economies through an Analysis of Changing Spatial Networks.
- Jackie Price: Political Models of Inuit Governance
- Christina Sawchuk: Non-Institutional Knowledge and the Representation of the Canadian North.
Recently Graduated Ph.D. Students
- Richard Powell: Intemperate Spaces: Field Practices and Environmental Science in the Canadian Arctic, 1995-2000 (2004).
- Elana Wilson: Knowledge and Community-Building: The Promotion and Reception of Canadian Co-Management and Economic Development Models in the Russian North
Publications
Selected publications
In press
- 2009 'Voices from the Sea Ice and the Reception of Climate Impact Narratives', Journal of Historical Geography, Feature issue on Climate Change Narratives, page refs. [Based on IBG 2006 Plenary Session on 'Narratives of Climate Change' with William Cronon, Richard Hamlyn, Diana Liverman, and Sverker Sörlin].
- 2009, 'Preface: Legacies of Polar Science' in J. Shadian and M. Tennberg (eds.), Legacies of Polar Science, Aldershot: Ashgate Press.
- 2009, 'Arctic Science, Nation-building, and Citizenship' , in Edited by Frances Abele, Thomas Courchene, Leslie Seidle and France St-Hilaire (eds.), Northern Exposure: Peoples, Powers and Prospects for Canada's North. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
Published
- 2008 'Sea Ice Mapping: Ontology, Mechanics, and Human Rights at the Ice Floe Edge', D. Cosgrove and V. della Dora (eds.) High Places: Cultural Geographies of Mountains and Ice. London: IB Tauris. (in press, Autumn 2008).
- 2007 'Mission Gardens: Natural history and Global Expansion, 1720-1820'. In L. Schiebinger and C. Swan (eds.), Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce, and Politics, 2nd ed., University of Pennsylvania Press, 49-65. (2nd edition in paperback, hardback published in 2004). In a volume of new essays dedicated to the history of colonial natural history, this paper is the first attempt to examine the importance of gardens at eighteenth century Moravian mission stations in locations as physically inhospitable as Greenland, and as politically and socially fraught as the West Indian slave plantations.
- 2007 Boast, R., Bravo, M. T., and Srinivasan, R., 'Return to Babel: Emergent diversity, digital resources, and local knowledge', The Information Society Journal, 23(5) (online major peer-reviewed journal, final corrections accepted 5 October 2006; published at http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/23/index.html#4).
- 2006 'Science for the People: Northern Field Stations and Governmentality', British Journal for Canadian Studies, Special issue on governance, 19(2): 78-102. This paper examines how public policymakers in the 1970s envisaged that community-based field stations in Arctic communities could enable Inuit to participate in science. This paper will be the opening publication in an international collaborative project for International Polar Year (2007-2008) about the history of field stations.
- 2006 'Against Determinism: A Reassessment of Marcel Mauss' Essay on 'Seasonal Variations', Inuit Studies, Invited contribution to special Issue dedicated to the Work of Marcel Mauss, 30(2): 33-49.
- 2006 Bravo, M. T. and Rees, W. G. 'Cryo-Politics: Environmental Security and the Future of Arctic Navigation', Brown Journal of World Affairs, Fall/Winter 2006 13(1): 205-215.
- 2006 'Geographies of Exploration and Improvement: William Scoresby and Arctic Whaling (1722-1822)', Journal of Historical Geography, Special Issue on the Historical Geographies of the Oceans, 32(3):512-538.
This paper argues that the scientific accomplishments of William Scoresby Jr., Britain's most famous Arctic whaler, can be best understood in a wider historical context of social, economic, and technological 'improvement'. Seen in this light, we can understand how Scoresby's industrial-scale access to the Arctic Seas enabled his rapid rise through the patronage of Robert Jameson into the world of scientific savants like Alexander von Humboldt and Leopold von Buch. - 2005 Bravo, M. T., I. Krupnik, Y. Csonka, et al. 2005 'Social Sciences and Humanities in the IPY 2007-2008: an Integrating Mission', Arctic 58(1):89-96.
This paper discusses how social sciences and humanities have for the first time been made an explicit part of the scientific objectives of an International Polar Year (the first IPY took place in 1882-83). The paper is jointly authored by the working group mandated to write the social sciences and humanities content of the Framework plan. - 2002 M. T. Bravo and S. Sörlin (eds.), Narrating the Arctic: A Cultural History of Nordic Scientific Practices, Nantucket Mass, Science History Publications.
This volume of essays makes a comparative study of episodes in the history of science and Arctic exploration, focussing chiefly on Denmark and Sweden. The research demonstrated that far from having a united Nordic or Scandinavian history of Arctic science, their colonial narratives about the Arctic are fundamentally different. The editors conclude with a plea for historians of exploration to do more comparative work and be more attentive to the deep narrative structures in exploration writing.
Teaching
- Geography Tripos Part IB: contributions to core course "Geographical Skills and Methods"
- Geography Tripos Part II: contributions to convenor of the "Geography of the Human Arctic"
- Geography Tripos Part II: convenor of "Geographies of Science"
- M.Phil. in Polar Studies: contributions to teaching on imperial history, northern peoples, and public policy.
External Activities
Geography Department Committees
- Convenor, Geography Departmental Seminars (2006- )
- Departmental Ethics Working Group (2006- )
- Part 1A/1B Examination Board (2008-2009)
- Part 2 Examination Board (2001-2006)
- Information Resources Committee (2002- )
- M.Phil. Managers' Committee (2000-2002)
- M.Phil. Polar Studies, Course co-Director (2000-2002)
- Graduate School Committee (2000-2002)
- Library Committee (2000-2001)
Faculty and University Committees
- Chair, Cambridge Canadian Studies Initiative (2004-2008)
- Members, Centre for International Studies Management Committee (2006-2008)
- Degree Committee (2000-2002)
- Faculty Board Committee (2000-2002)
